Gentrification 2014-2024
These are classifications of census tract gentrification based on changes in US Census Bureau American Community Survey in 2010-2014 and 2020-2024 five-year estimates data.
Minn, Michael. 2026. "Gentrificaiton 2014-2024." Revised 18 May. https://michaelminn.net/tutorials/data/2024-gentrification.html.
2020-2024 ACS Fields
US Census Bureau (USCB). 2026. "2020 - 2024 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates." Released 29 January. https://data.census.gov.
Polygons are from the USCB TIGER/Line cartographic boundary files.
- GEOIDFQ: Fully-qualified GEOID code composed of a prefix and FIPS code that can be used to unambiguously join with US Census Bureau data from data.census.gov.
- ST (STUSPS): USPS two-letter state code (states, counties, and tracts only)
- Name (NAME): State name / county name / tract name / CBSA name
- Total_Population (DP05_0001E): Total population
- Percent_Bachelors_Degree (DP02_0065PE): Percent of population 25 years or older with a bachelor's degree
- Percent_Jobs_Management (DP03_0027PE): Percent of civillian employed population 16 years or over in management, business, science, and arts occupations
- Median_Household_Income (DP03_0062E): Median household income and benefits in 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars
- Median_Home_Value (DP04_0089E): Median value of owner-occupied housing units
- Median_Monthly_Rent (DP04_0134E): Median monthly rent in dollars for occupied housing units paying rent
2010-2014 ACS Fields
US Census Bureau (USCB). 2015. "2010 - 2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates." Released 3 December. https://data.census.gov.
- Percent_Bachelors_Degree_2014 (DP02_0064PE): Percent of population 25 years or older with a bachelor's degree
- Percent_Jobs_Management_2014 (DP03_0027PE): Percent of civillian employed population 16 years or over in management, business, science, and arts occupations
- Median_Household_Income_2014 (DP03_0062E): Median household income and benefits in 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars
- Median_Home_Value_2014 (DP04_0088E): Median value of owner-occupied housing units
- Median_Monthly_Rent_2014 (DP04_0132E): Median monthly rent in dollars for occupied housing units paying rent
County Aggregations
Data from census tracts with a population greater than 50 persons aggregated to the county level for use with gentrification calculations. Data will not match ACS county level data due to the population limit, aggregated sampling error, and MAUP.
- County_Management_2014: Median of Percent_Jobs_Management_2014
- County_Income_2014: Median of Median_Household_Income_2014
- County_Income_40pct_2014: 40th percentile of Median_Household_Income_2014
- County_Income_75pct_2014: 75th percentile of Median_Household_Income_2014
- County_Bachelor_Change: Median of tract level Median_Household_Income - Median_Household_Income_2014
- County_Value_Change: Median of tract level Median_Home_Value - Median_Home_Value_2014
- County_Value_Change_75pct: 75th percentile of tract level Median_Home_Value - Median_Home_Value_2014
- County_Rent_Change: Median of tract level Median_Monthly_Rent - Median_Monthly_Rent_2014
- County_Rent_Change_75pct: 75th percentile of tract level Median_Monthly_Rent - Median_Monthly_Rent_2014
Tract Changes
- Rent_Change: Median_Monthly_Rent - Median_Monthly_Rent_2014
- Home_Value_Change: Median_Home_Value - Median_Home_Value_2014
- Bachelor_Change: Percent_Bachelors_Degree - Percent_Bachelors_Degree_2014
Classifications
Rural_Urban_Core
US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2025. "2020 Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes, census tracts." Last updated 31 July. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-commuting-area-codes.
- Metro core
- Micro core
- Small town core
- Rural
- Water
Gentrified_Furman
NYU Furman Center. 2016. "State of New York City’s Housing and Neighborhoods in 2015." Updated 9 May. https://furmancenter.org/research/sonychan/2015-report.
- Higher-Income: Median household income in 2014 >= the 40th percentile of aggregated county median household income
- Gentrifying: Lower income tracts with rent change >= the aggregated county median monthly rent
- Non-Gentrifying: Lower income tracts with rent change < the aggregated county median monthly rent
Gentrified_Freeman
Freeman, Lance. 2005. "Displacement or Succession? Residential Mobility in Gentrifying Neighborhoods." Urban Affairs Review 40(4): 463-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087404273341.
Criteria:
- Be located in the central city at the beginning of the intercensal period (Rural_Urban_Core = Metro core
- Have a median income less than the median (40th percentile) for that metropolitan area at the beginning of the intercensal period (Median_Household_Income < quantile(0.4))
- Have a proportion of housing built within the past 20 years lower than the proportion found at the median (40th percentile) for the respective metropolitan area (Percent_2020_2024_Units + Percent_2010_2019_Units < quantile(0.4))
- Have a percentage increase in educational attainment greater than the median increase in educational attainment for that metropolitan area (Δ Percent_Bachelors_Degree > median(Δ Percent_Bachelors_Degree)
- Have an increase in real housing prices during the intercensal period (% change Median_Monthly_Rent > median(% change Median_Monthly_Rent))
Classifications:
- Gentrifying: All five criteria
- Non-Gentrifying: Criteria 1-3 but not criteria 4 or 5
- Ineligible: All other situations
Gentrified_Ding
Ding, Lei, Jackelyn Hwang, and Eileen Divringi. 2016. "Gentrification and Residential Mobility in Philadelphia." Regional Science and Urban Economics 61: 38-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.09.004.
- Ineligible: Tract 2014 median household income >= county 75th percentile
- Non-Gentrifying: Tract change in percent of bachelor's degrees < county median OR ((tract change in median monthly rent < county median) AND (tract change in median home value < county median))
- Gentrifying: Tract change in percent of bachelor's degrees >= county median AND ((tract change in median monthly rent within county 50th to 75th percentile) OR (tract change in median home value withing county 50th to 75th percentile))
- Intense: Tract change in percent of bachelor's degrees >= county median AND ((tract change in median monthly rent >= county 75th percentile) OR (tract change in median home value >= county 75th percentile))
Social Status Index
Change in social status index over time is a continuous value that reflects the ambiguity in levels of gentrification in contrast to the rigid classifications above.
Yonto, Daniel, and Claire Schuch. 2020. >Developing and Ground-Truthing Multi-Scalar Approaches to Mapping Gentrification.> Papers in Applied Geography 6 (4): 352–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/23754931.2020.1789499.
- SSI: A sum of 2024 percent in professional occupations + percent with a bachelor's degree + logarithm of median household income
- SSI_2014: Social status index using 2014 ACS values
- SSI_Change: SSI for 2024 - SSI for 2014