Passenger Rail and Freight Rail Partnerships: Annotated Bibliography

Core References

Bing, Alan J., Eric W. Beshers, Megan Chavez, David P. Simpson, Emmanual S. Horowitz, Walter E. Zullig, Jr. (2010). Guidebook for Implementing Passenger Rail Service on Shared Passenger and Freight Corridors. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. Retrieved from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_657.pdf.

Minn, Michael, Andrew Goetz, Sylvia Brady, and Keith Ratner (2016). Passenger Rail and Freight Rail Partnerships: Case Studies in Boston, Chicago, and Denver. Retrieved from https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/39852.

System and Statistical References

Armstrong, John H. and William C. Vantuono (ed.) (2008). The Railroad: What it is, What it Does, fifth edition. Omaha: Simmons-Boardman Books.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2019). National Transportation Statistics - U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation). Retrieved from https://www.bts.gov/us-ton-miles-freight.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2019). Freight Analysis Framework Trend – Over Time (1997-2045) – Ton-Miles. Retrieved from https://explore.dot.gov/views/FAF_Dashboard_451/FAFTrend1997-2045.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2019). National Transportation Statistics - U.S. Passenger-Miles. Retrieved from https://www.bts.gov/us-ton-miles-freight.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2019). Passenger transport – Rail, Million passenger-kilometres, 1970 – 2018. Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/transport/passenger-transport.htm.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2019). Freight transport. Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/transport/freight-transport.htm.

EUROSTAT (2019). Modal split of freight transport [T2020_RK320]. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/t2020_rk320/default/table?lang=en.

US Central Intelligence Agency (2019). GDP - composition, by sector of origin. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2019). National Transportation Statistics - U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation). Retrieved from https://www.bts.gov/us-ton-miles-freight.

Foresight 2050 (2009). Management Summary I on Policy, Technology, and External Factors. Prepared for the 1st FREIGHTVISION Forum 16th and 17th March 2009, Brussels. Retrieved from https://trimis.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/project/documents/20120823_190736_35476_Management_Summary_I_FinalVersion.pdf.

World Bank (2019). Population, total. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.

Capacity for Rail (2017). Requirements toward the freight system of 2030-2050 (Final). Retrieved from http://www.capacity4rail.eu/IMG/pdf/c4r-d2.1.2_requirements_toward_the_freight_system_of_2030-2050_final_.pdf.

Class I Railroad Assets (end of 2015)

Association of American Railroads (AAR). 2016. Freight Railroad Capacity and Investment. https://www.aar.org/BackgroundPapers/Freight%20Railroad%20Capacity%20and%20Investment.pdf (accessed 16 July 2016)

Association of American Railroads. 2016a. Types of Railroads. https://www.aar.org/Pages/Our-Network-archive.aspx

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2016. DOT Releases 30-Year Freight Projections. http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/press_releases/bts013_16.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2015. National Transportation Statistics, October. Washington, DC: United States Department of Transportation. http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics (accessed 15 December 2015).

American Public Transportation Association (APTA). 2015. Public Transportation Fact Book. http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Pages/transitstats.aspx (accessed 15 December 2015).

Brock, Timothy J. and Reginald R. Souleyrette. 2013. An Overview of U.S. Commuter Rail. Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report. Paper 316. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ktc_researchreports/316 (accessed 15 December 2015).

Vilter, Paul (2006). Improving Coexistence from an Intercity Passenger Railroad Perspective. TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January, Session 484: Costing Shared-Use Rail Infrastructure.

Shared-Use Corridors

Witte, Patrick A., Bart W. Wiegmans, Frank G. van Oort, and Tejo JM Spit (2012). Chokepoints in corridors: Perspectives on bottlenecks in the European transport network. Research in Transportation Business and Management 5, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2012.10.001.

Witte, Patrick and Tejo Spit (2014). Sectoral Drawbacks in Transport: Towards a New Analytical Framework on European Transport Corridors. In: Lami I. (eds) Analytical Decision-Making Methods for Evaluating Sustainable Transport in European Corridors. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04786-7_4.

Priemus, H., and Zonneveld, W. (2003). What are corridors and what are the issues? Introduction to special issue: the governance of corridors. Journal of Transport Geography, 11(3), 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6923(03)00028-0.

Bonnafous, Alain and Yves Crozet (2014). Efficiency indicators of Railways in France. Retrieved from https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/bonnafous-crozet_0.pdf.

Transit Cooperative Research Program (2002). Germany’s Track-Sharing Experience: Mixed Use of Rail Corridors. Retrieved from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rrd_47.pdf.

Freight Mode Share

Moyo, Dambisa (2019). Are Businesses Ready for Deglobalization? Harvard Business Review, 6 December. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2019/12/are-businesses-ready-for-deglobalization.

Zgonc, Borut, Metka Tekavčič, and Marko Jakšič. 2019. The impact of distance on mode choice in freight transport. European Transport Research Review 11:10. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12544-019-0346-8.

Hillman, Jonathan E. (2018). The Rise of China-Europe Railways. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/analysis/rise-china-europe-railways.

Rodrigue, Jean-Paul (2020). Share of Rail Passenger Traffic to Total Rail Traffic. In, The Geography of Transport Systems, fifth edition. New York: Routledge. Retrieved from https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=1947.

Resor, Randolph, James Blaze, and Edward Morlok (2004). Short-Haul Rail Intermodal: Can It Compete with Trucks? Transportation Research Record. 1873. 45-52. 10.3141/1873-06.

Gruenspecht, Howard (2019). The U.S. coal sector: Recent and continuing challenges. Brookings Institution. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-u-s-coal-sector/.

European Commission (2020). The European Rail Network for Competitive Freight. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/rail/infrastructures/rail_freight_oriented_network_en.

Vassallo, Jose Manuel, and Mark Fagan (2007). Nature or nurture: Why do railroads carry greater freight share in the United States than in Europe? Transportation 34 (2). 177-193.

Olsson, Tony (2017). The Baltic States and Rail Baltica. Global Railway Review, 25 September. Retrieved from https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/62577/baltic-states-rail-baltica/.

Bulis, A., and Škapars, R. (2013). Development of international freight transit in Latvia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.471.

Jaržemskis, A., and Jaržemskienė, I. (2017). Comparison of rail freight transportation markets in Lithuania and Poland. Procedia Engineering, 187, 492-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.405.

Hilmola, O. P., and Henttu, V. (2015). Border-crossing constraints, railways and transit transports in Estonia. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 14, 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2014.10.010.

Islam, D. M. Z., Ricci, S., and Nelldal, B. L. (2016). How to make modal shift from road to rail possible in the European transport market, as aspired to in the EU transport white paper 2011. Eur Transp Res Rev, 8(18). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-016-0204-x.

Islam, Dewan Md Zahurul (2014). Barriers to and enablers for European rail freight transport for integrated door-to-door logistics service. Part 1: Barriers to multimodal rail freight transport. Transport Problems 9 (3). 43-56.

Islam, D. (2014). Barriers to and enablers for European rail freight transport for integrated door-to-door logistics service. Part 2: Enablers for multimodal rail freight transport. Transport Problems 9 (2014).

Vishnu Rajamanickam (2019). Why is Europe so absurdly backward compared to the U.S. in rail freight transport. FreightWaves, 5 October. Retrieved from https://www.freightwaves.com/news/why-is-europe-so-absurdly-backward-compared-to-the-u-s-in-rail-freight-transport.

Blaze, Jim (2019). U.S. and European freight railroads are on different tracks. American Shipper, 3 April. Retrieved from https://www.freightwaves.com/news/railroad/us-and-european-freight-railroads-are-on-different-tracks.

EUROSTAT (2019). Railway freight transport statistics. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Railway_freight_transport_statistics.

Knowler, Greg (2019). Europe rail to truckers: Work with us, not against us. Downloaded from https://www.joc.com/regulation-policy/transportation-policy/international-transportation-policy/europe-rail-truckers-work-us-not-against-us_20180628.html.

Vertical Integration

Nash, Chris (2015). What does a best practice railway look like? In, Matthias Finger and Pierre Messulam, Rail Economics, Policy and Regulation in Europe. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

European Community (1991). Council Directive of 29 July 1991 on the Development of the Community's Railways (91/440/EEC). Official Journal of the European Communities. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31991L0440&from=EN.

Access Costs

European Commission (2019). Rail: Infrastructure Charges. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/rail/infrastructures/charges_en

Nash, Chris, Yves Crozet, Heike Link, Jan-Eric Nilsson, and Andrew Smith (2018). Track access charges: reconciling conflicting objectives. Brussels: Centre on Regulation in Europe. Retrieved from https://www.cerre.eu/publications/track-access-charges-reconciling-conflicting-objectives.

European Conference of Ministers of Transport (2008). Railway Reform and Charges For Use of Infrastructure. https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/05railreforme.pdf

Peter, Benedikt (2015). Rail Infrastructure Charging in The European Union. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/986f/bb712df530362032ed323f1b2aa6d552a49a.pdf.

2016. Rail infrastructure pricing for intercity passenger services in Europe: Possible impacts on the railways competitive framework. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41234321.pdf.

European Rail Infrastructure Managers (2008). Rail Charging and Accounting Schemes in EuropeCase: Studies from six countries. http://www.cer.be/sites/default/files/publication/1707_080529_charging_booklet_2nd_edition_final.pdf.

Nelldal, Bo-Lennart (2000). Competition and co-operation between railways and trucking in long distance freight transport - an economic analysis. Paper to 3nd KFB-Research conference, Transport Systems – Organisation and Planning at Stockholm School of Economics 13/14 of June 2000. Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:506661/FULLTEXT01.pdf.

AECOM Consult, Inc. 2007. Research Results Digest 313: Cost-allocation methods for commuter, intercity, and freight rail operations on shared-use rail systems and corridors. Washington, DC: National Cooperative Highway Research Program. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rrd_313.pdf (accessed 5 July 2016).

Heike Link, Anna Stuhlemmer (DIW Berlin), Mattias Haraldsson (VTI), Pedro Abrantes, Phil Wheat, Simon Iwnicki, Chris Nash, Andrew Smith (ITS). 2008. Cost allocation Practices in the European Transport Sector. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:745886/FULLTEXT01.pdf.

Daniel Girardet, Jürgen Müller, and Anselm Ott (2014). Getting freight back on track. McKinsey and Co. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-transport-and-logistics/our-insights/getting-freight-back-on-track.

Liability

United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) (2009). Commuter Rail: Many Factors Influence Liability and Indemnity Provisions, and Options Exist to Facilitate Negotiations - GAO-09-282. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-282.

Christner, Paul and Ronald A. Mauri. 2005. Sharing of Track by Transit and Freight Railroads Access, Safety, and Insurance Issues. FTA Final Report FTA-TRI-10-2005.1. Prepared for Walter Kulyk and Venkat Pindiprolu, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, United States Department of Transportation, Cambridge, MA. http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Shared_Track.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Carole Maczkovics, Pierre Van Ommeslaghe, Bob Martens (2009). Study on EU Member States’ national civil liability regimes in relation to rail accidents between Railway Undertakings and Infrastructure Managers in so far as they may present a barrier to the internal market. https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/modes/rail/studies/doc/2010_dla_piper_rail_study.pdf.

NERA Economic Consulting (2013). International Comparisons of Litigation Costs: Canada, Europe, Japan, and the United States. U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform. Retrieved from https://www.instituteforlegalreform.com/research/international-comparisons-of-litigation-costs-europe-the-united-states-and-canada.

Drum, Kevin (2010). Why We Sue. Mother Jones Magazine, 25 August. Retrieved from https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2010/08/why-we-sue/.

DiBrito, D. A., Mayville, R. A., Doty, R., & Tsao, C. (2011). Moving toward Unrestricted Shared Use: How Caltrain Took the Next Step and What Recent Developments Mean to US Commuter Railroads. Transportation Research Record, 2219(1), 78-87.

Federal Railroad Administration and Federal Transit Administration. 2000. Statement of Agency Policy Concerning Jurisdiction Over the Safety of Railroad Passenger Operations and Waivers Related to Shared use of the Tracks of the General Railroad System by Light Rail and Conventional Equipment. Federal Register 65 (132), 42525-42528. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2000-07-10/pdf/00-17208.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Capacity

Walton, Simon (2020). Rail freight is the real winner with HS2 in the UK. Retrieved from https://www.railfreight.com/railfreight/2020/01/02/rail-freight-is-the-real-winner-with-hs2-in-the-uk/

Lawrence, Martha, Richard Bullock, and Ziming Liu (2019). China’s High-Speed Rail Development. The World Bank. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/933411559841476316/pdf/Chinas-High-Speed-Rail-Development.pdf.

Lautala, P.T., and Pouryousef, H. (2016). Evaluating the use of operational management techniques for capacity improvements on shared-use rail corridors. No. CFIRE 09-10. National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education (US). Retrieved from https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/31126.

Capital

Keefer, Thomas (1850). Philosophy of Railroads Montreal: Armour and Ramsay.

European Commission. 2019. Transport in the European Union: Current Trends and Issues. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/2019-transport-in-the-eu-current-trends-and-issues.pdf.

Deutsche Bahn (2019). 2018 Integrated Report. Retrieved from https://www.deutschebahn.com/en/gb_online-1213324.

Grenier, Elizabeth (2019). Why Germans love to complain about trains. Deutsche Welle, 20 February. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/why-germans-love-to-complain-about-trains/a-47441119.

Kuester, Florian. 2017. "Is the German Rail Freight System broken? A portrait of DB Cargo." Combined Transport Magazine, 24 April. https://combined-transport.eu/german-railway-system.

Posaner, Joshua. 2019. "Rail delays prompt German identity crisis." Politico 6 May. https://www.politico.eu/article/rail-delays-prompt-german-identity-crisis/.

The Local. 2019. "Why so many trains in Germany are late." https://www.thelocal.de/20190506/heres-why-so-many-trains-in-germany-are-late.

Calder, Simon (2020). Northern Rail to be stripped of franchise over ‘unacceptable’ performance. The Independent, 2 January. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/northern-rail-franchise-grant- shapps-cancellations-train-fares-a9267261.html.

DB Schenker (2010). Pinch points for rail freight. Railways: The DB Schenker Rail Customer Magazine. 2010. https://uk.dbcargo.com/resource/blob/1420576/0a0dd78c04c29575d3da61ea3e8e8ec3/railways_012010-data.pdf.

Lutz, Richard / Böttger, Christian / Kirchner, Alexander / Knieps, Günter. 2019. Deutsche Bahn between public service provider and profit: is it time for a radical restructuring? ifo Schnelldienst, 2019, 72, Nr. 05, 03-16 https://www.ifo.de/en/publikationen/2019/article-journal/deutsche-bahn-between-public-service-provider-and-profit-it-time 2019-lutz-german-rail-restructuring.pdf

Connolly, Kate. 2019. "German MP sparks row after proposing an end to first-class rail travel." The Guardian 16 August. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/16/german-mp-sparks-row-after-proposing-an-end-to-first-class-rail-travel.

Railway Technology (2018). Is Spain’s high-speed railway a case of ‘too much, too soon’? Retrieved from https://www.railway-technology.com/features/spain-high-speed-railway/.

The Local (2019). Why delays and cancellations on France's rail network are the 'worst ever' https://www.thelocal.fr/20190419/delays-and-cancellations-on-frances-rail-network-are-worst-ever.

European Parliament (2018). Parliamentary questions http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2018-003577-ASW_EN.html

Milmo, Dan (2011). French high-speed rail on track but progress too slow on commuter lines. The Guardian, 21 March. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/21/new-europe-france-railways.

European Commission (2019). Sixth report on monitoring development of the rail market. https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/6th_rmms_report.pdf.

2019-ec-development-of-rail-market.pdf

Keller, Kevin. 2011. State Rail Plans: The Integration of Freight and Passenger Rail Planning. Presented at the Joint Rail Conference, Pueblo, CO, 16-18 March. http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1631113.

Arafer (2015). The French passenger rail transport market 2015-2016 https://www.autorite-transports.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/bilan-ferroviaire-2015-2016-version-anglaise.pdf.

Technical Reports

Calvo, F., de Oña, J., and Nash, A. (2007). Proposed infrastructure pricing methodology for mixed-use rail networks. Transportation Research Record, 1995(1), 9-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1995-02 http://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/24396/2007%20TRR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

2007-calvo-pricing.pdf

Martland, C. D. (2008). Improving on-time performance for long-distance passenger trains operating on freight routes. Journal of the Transportation Research Forum (Vol. 47, No. 1424-2016-118016, pp. 62-80). https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/206974/files/1126-1276-1-SM.pdf 2008-martland-improving-on-time-performance.pdf

Krier, B., Liu, C. M., McNamara, B., and Sharpe, J. (2014). Individual freight effects, capacity utilization, and Amtrak service quality. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 64, 163-175.

Saat, M. R., and Barkan, C. P. (2013). Investigating technical challenges and research needs related to shared corridors for high speed passenger and railroad freight operations (No. DOT/FRA/ORD-13/29). United States. Federal Railroad Administration. Office of Research and Development. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/26242

2013-saat-technical-challenges-shared.pdf

Pouryousef, H., Lautala, P., and White, T. (2015). Railroad capacity tools and methodologies in the US and Europe. Journal of Modern Transportation 23 (1). 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40534-015-0069-z.

Pouryousef, Hamed, Pasi Lautala, and Thomas White (2013). Review of capacity measurement methodologies; similarities and differences in the US and European railroads. Europe 39 (2013): 40. Downloaded from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hamed_Pouryousef/publication/303374455_Review_of_Capacity_Measurement_Methodologies_Similarities_and_Differences_in_US_and_European_Railroads/links/579b5b5608ae5d5e1e137ae8/Review-of-Capacity-Measurement-Methodologies-Similarities-and-Differences-in-US-and-European-Railroads.pdf.

Zarembski, Allan M., James Blaze and Pradeep Patel. 2011. Shared Corridors, Shared Interests. Presented at the Joint Rail Conference, Pueblo, CO, 16-18 March. http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1631134.

...this paper provides a description of these shared issues and the fundamental trade-offs that the parties must agree upon related to overall track design, track geometry, track curvature, super elevation options, allowed speeds in curves, more robust protection at grade crossings, and the manner in which these changes from the freight only corridors are to be allocated given the resulting much higher track maintenance costs of these to be shared assets.

Booz Allen Hamilton, Jacobs Edwards and Kelcey, ICF Consulting, and New Jersey Institute of Technology. 2009. TCRP Report 130: Shared Use of Railroad Infrastructure with Noncompliant Public Transit Vehicles: A Practitioners Guide. http://www.tcrponline.org/PDFDocuments/TCRP_RPT_130.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Wilcock, David C. and James R. Stoetzel. 2009. Contracting Commuter Rail Services: An Industry Overview. http://dev.apta.com/mc/rail/previous/2013/papers/Papers/WilcockD_StoetzelJ-Contracting-Commuter-Rail-Services%E2%80%93A-%20Industry-Overview.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Mitchell, D. J. 2006. Improving Coexistence from a Freight Railroad Perspective. TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January, Session 484: Costing Shared-Use Rail Infrastructure

The Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) has two overarching principles regarding passenger service on its railroad:

Prozzi, Jolanda. 2006. Passenger Rail Sharing Freight Infrastructure: Creating Win-Win Agreements (0-5022-S). Austin, TX: Center for Transportation Research, The University of Texas at Austin. http://128.83.40.144/research/ctr/pdf_reports/0_5022_S.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Dolata, Mat, Jolanda Prozzi, Randy Resor, Chandra Bhat. 2005. Passenger Rail Sharing Freight Infrastructure (0-5022-P2). http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/products/0-5022-P2.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Association of American Railroads (AAR), Policy and Economics Department. 2004. Passenger Service on Tracks Owned by the Freight Railroad.

United States Government Accountability Office. 2004. Commuter Rail: Information and Guidance Could Help Facilitate Commuter and Freight Rail Access Negotiations, GAO Report GAO-04-240. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-04-240 (accessed 15 December 2015).

Resor, Randolph and Pradeep Patel. 2002. Allocating Track Maintenance Costs on Shared Rail Facilities. Transportation Research Record Report 1785, 25-32. http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/1785-04?journalCode=trr.

The European Union is moving toward an open access model for railroads in which track ownership (and related functions, such as train dispatching) is required to be separate from train operations. Separate ownership and operations will require some method for establishing access charges. The fundamental issue is how costs are to be shared among multiple users of a single rail line. At the simplest level, costs can be assigned based on the volume of traffic. But what measure should be used—gross tonnage, train hours, or number of trains? TrackShare is a cost-allocation model that has been developed to meet this need. The process of applying TrackShare to the National Railroad Passenger Corporation's (Amtrak's) Northeast Corridor to determine the cost of operating rail freight traffic is described.

Perl, Anthony. 2002. New Departures: Rethinking Rail Passenger Policy in the Twenty-First Century.. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky.

"By the time deregulation, subsidization, public enterprise, privatization, and other restructuring measures were finally applied to realigning the rail fraight carriers to North American transportation policy, the passenger train had become embedded within a separate set of policy arrangements. In contrast, European and Japanese efforts to reinvent rail transportation were not complicated, and thus not constrained, by the additional organizational barriers arising from the preservation policy track that North American passenger trains got shunted into in the response to industrial crisis." (pp 14)

"...while investors have responded favorably to railroads' return from the brink of bankruptcy in the early 1980s, there has been little enthusiasm for injecting the massive sums that would be needed to add significant track capacity. Investors have proven quite averse to anteing up their cash against Uncle Sam's investment in competing road and air infrastructure...Today's freight transport market is simply too competitive for large scale infrastructure development...especially when rail's competitors have no need to fund such infrastructure investments." (241)

Sheys, Kevin and Tracie Spear. 2000. Safety Oversight of Shared Track Operations - An Update. 8th Joint Conference on Light Rail Transit (Light Rail: Investment for the Future). https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=671533.

Regulations and institutional issues for shared track and integrated modes are discussed. Findings are presented from a TELEPHONE SURVEY; a review of relevant Federal Register notices; and a review of relevant Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) rule-making activity and informal guidance to specific properties.

FRA and the Federal Transit Administration have just completed an important policy statement on shared use of rail corridors and track. Even before the policy statement was completed, several shared use projects advanced to the point that important precedents were established. Although different properties are taking different approaches to shared use operations, the new policy statement offers a lot of valuable guidance to all rail transit systems.

Gillespie, Tim. 2000. How to Negotiate with Freight Railroads for Track Access. Transportation Research Record, Metro Magazine, Rail Transit Systems, TRB, Washington, DC

Rail transit ridership is on the rise, but will this increase lead to greater conflicts with freight rail?

During my nearly 20 years at Amtrak, it was always clear to me that, when it comes to track sharing, Amtrak had one basic advantage over every other rail passenger operator: It enjoyed a unique statutory right to operate its trains over any freight railroad for no more than the incremental cost the railroad bears in handling those trains.

No other entity has the kind of access to a private freight railroad that Amtrak enjoys. The railroads do not like it and in fact have argued that Amtrak should pay more for the use of their facilities. Some have argued that they also fear that Amtrak's ability to access their tracks may serve as a forerunner for a development they dread, an "open access" rail system in which a freight railroad would have the right to come onto another railroad's tracks and poach its customers, just as trucking companies are allowed to serve any customer sited along a publicly owned highway. This is a railroad's worst nightmare.

Dornan, Daniel L. 1983. Analysis of Commuter Rail Costs and Cost Allocation Methods, UMTA-MA-06-0049-83-3. Washington, DC: Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co.

Wellington, Arthur Mellen. 1908. The Economic Theory of the Location of Railways, sixth edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

"Railways are not undertaken unless they are expected to be profitable, not to the general public, nor to other parties in the near or distant future, nor to those who lend money on them, but to those who at first control the enterprise."

Perl, Anthony D. and Andrew R. Goetz. 2013 High-Speed Passenger Rail: Considering Where the US Has Come From and Where the World Is Going. Denver, CO: Intermodal Transportation Institute and the National Center for Intermodal Transportation, University of Denver. http://www.du.edu/transportation/media/documents/research/FINAL_ITI-NCIT_HSR_white_paper_8halfx11--website.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015)

Puentes, Robert, Adie Tomer, and Joseph Kane. 2013. A new alignment: Strengthening America’s commitment to passenger rail. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1245352 (accessed 15 December 2015).

Reconneting America. 2011. Jumpstarting the Transit Space Race: 2011, A Catalog and Analysis of Planned and Proposed Transit Projects in the US. Washington, DC: Reconnecting America. http://reconnectingamerica.org/resource-center/books-and-reports/2011/jumpstarting-the-transit-space-race-2011/

Battelle. 2007. Analysis of Future Issues and Changing Demands on the System, Part B. Changes in the Nature of the Economy: Impacts on Passenger/ Freight Transportation, Commission Briefing Paper 4B-11, Issues and Options Related to Passenger and Freight Traffic Sharing the Same Facilities. http://transportationfortomorrow.com/final_report/volume_3_html/technical_issues_papers/paper9b49.htm

United States Government Accountability Office (USGAO). 2006. Active Commuter Rail Agency Service Contracts. Letter to Honorable Richard C. Shelby, Chairman, Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, United States Senate. Document GAO-06-820R, July. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-820R (accessed 15 December 2015).

Resor, Randolph S. 2003. Catalog of Common Use Rail Corridors. Report DOT/FRA/ORD-03/16. Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42300/42377/ord0316.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Vigrass, J. 1995. Joint Use of Track by Electric Railways and Railroads: Historic View. In Seventh National Conference on Light Rail Transit Conference Proceedings 8 (1), 154-163. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=457831 (accessed 15 December 2015).

Engineering References

Caughron, Brennan M., M. Rapik Saat, and Christopher PL Barkan. 2012. Identifying and Prioritizing Shared Rail Corridor Technical Challenge. Proceedings of the 2012 Annual AREMA Conference, Chicago, IL. https://www.arema.org/files/library/2012_Conference_Proceedings/Identifying-Prioritizing_Shared_Rail_Corridor_Technical_Challenges.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Puentes, Robert and Adie Tomer (2009). The Road Less Travelled: An Analysis of Vehicle Miles Traveled Trends in the U.S. Metropolitan Infrastructure Initiatives Series. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/1216_transportation_tomer_puentes.aspx

Pyrgidis, C., and Christogiannis, E. (2012). The problems of the presence of passenger and freight trains on the same track. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 48, 1143-1154. https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/372099.pdf.

Bing, Alan J., Tsai, Thomas, Nelson, David, and Mayville, Ronald A. 2007. Safety of Noncompliant Passenger Rail Equipment. Transportation Research Circular E-C112: Joint International Light Rail Conference: A World of Applications and Opportunities, April 9­11, 2006, St. Louis, Missouri. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec112.pdf. (accessed 15 December 2015).

Ames, L. and J. Walsh. 2006. Short-line Railroads and Rail Transit Joint Development Planning Issues. The 9th Joint APTA-TRB Light Rail Conference, St. Louis, MO, pp 188 - 205. http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=804759 (accessed 15 December 2015).

Resor, Randolph R. and Hickey, Thomas. 2005. Shared-Use Rail Corridors. A Survey of Current Practice and Recommendations for the Future. http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/1930-05 (accessed 15 December 2015).

Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 2005 [2001]. Railroad Corridor Transportation Plans, A Guidance Manual. Revised 8 July. https://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Details/L04161 (accessed 15 December 2015).

Sela, Erez, Resor, Randolph R. and Hickey, Thomas. 2003. Shared-Use Corridors: Survey of Current Practice and Recommendations for the Future Ninth National Light Rail Transit Conference. Portland, OR: 16-18 November. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec058/08_04_Sela.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Federal Railway Administration. 2003. Catalog of "Common Use" Rail Corridors. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42300/42377/ord0316.pdf (accessed 7 July 2016).

Definitions of three types of corridors:

Findings of this study are as follows:

Lopez-Pita, Andres, and Francesc Robuste. 2001. Compatibility and Constraints Between High-Speed Passenger Trains and Traditional Freight Trains. Transportation Research Record Number 1742 ­ Rail. http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/1742-03?journalCode=trr (accessed 15 December 2015).

Travis, Merrill. 2000. "Running High-Speed Passenger Trains on Freight Railroad Track, or `You Want to Do What? AREMA Proceedings. https://www.arema.org/files/library/2000_Conference_Proceedings/00046.pdf

Ullman, Kenneth B. and Bing, Alan J. 1994. High Speed Trains in Freight Railroad Corridors: Operations and Safety Considerations. FRA Report DOT/FRA/ORD-95/05. http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42666/ord9505.pdf

ITE Technical Committee 6A-28. 1985. Transit, Commuter and Freight Usage of Rail Right of Way. ITE Journal.

Eisele, Donald. 1985. Interface Between Passenger and Freight Operations. Transportation Research Record 1029, 17-22.

Energy

International Energy Agency (2019). The Future of Rail: Opportunities for energy and the environment. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-rail.

Hopkins, John B. (1975). Railroads and the Environment - Estimation of Fuel Consumption in Rail Transportation - Volume I - Analytical Model. US Department of Transportation. Retrieved from https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/11870.

DiDomenico, Giovanni C (2015). Factors affecting commuter rail energy efficiency and its comparison with competing passenger transportation modes. PhD dissertation.

Best Practices

Morvant, Camille (2014). Is freight really flexible in the timetabling process for a mixed-use rail network? Some considerations based on French experience. TRA - Transport Research Arena, April. Retrieved from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/1066985/filename/doc00019321.pdf.

Morvant, Camille (2015). Challenges raised by freight for the operations planning of a shared-use rail network. A French perspective. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 73 (2015): 70-79.

Phraner, S. David, Roberts, Richard T., Stangas, Paul K., Korach, Kenneth A., Shortreed, John H., and Thompson, Gordon J. 1999. TCRP Report 52: Joint Operation of Light Rail Transit or Diesel Multiple Unit Vehicles with Railroads. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Academy Press. http://www.tcrponline.org/SitePages/ProductDetails.aspx?ProductCode=R-052 (accessed 15 December 2015).

Phraner, David. 2001. TCRP Research Results Digest 43: Supplementing and Updating TCRP Report 52: Joint Operation of Light Rail Transit or Diesel Multiple Unit Vehicles with Railroads. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/153715.aspx (accessed 15 December 2015).

European Commission (2014). Guide to Cost-Benefit Analysis of Investment Projects. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/cba_guide.pdf

Iacobacci, Mario. 2010. Shared Corridors, Strange Bedfellows: Understanding the Interface Between Freight and Passenger Rail. Ottowa, Ontario: The Conference Board of Canada. http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1631117.

Nash, Andrew. 2003. Best Practices in Shared-Use High-Speed Rail Systems, MTI Report 02-02. Mineta Transportation Institute Publications. http://transweb.sjsu.edu/MTIportal/research/publications/documents/High-SpeedRail.htm (accessed 15 December 2015).

Otsuka, Noriko, Felix Christian Günther, Ilaria Tosoni, and Cecilia Braun (2017). Developing trans-European railway corridors: Lessons from the Rhine-Alpine Corridor. Case Studies on Transport Policy 5 (4). 527-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2017.06.005.

Guerrero, Sebastian, Juan Argote, Andre Carrel and Pierre-Emmanuel Mazare (2011). Policies to Address Conflicts Between Passenger and Freight Rail Service in the U.S. Presented at the Joint Rail Conference, Pueblo, CO, 16-18 March. http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1631109.

Lehlbach, David S., David T. Hunt, Kevin M. Foy, and Rodney E. Case (2010). Applying the European High-Speed Rail Experience to North America. In, 2010 Joint Rail Conference, pp. 367-372. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection. Retrieved from https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/JRC/proceedings-abstract/JRC2010/49071/367/337539.

Liu, Rongfang (Rachel), Fei Yang, and Mei Chen. 2005. Understanding the Shared Operation of Commuter Rail Transit and Freight Railroads Journal of the Transportation Research Forum 44 (1), 157-171. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/206752/2/801-911-1-PB.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Liu, Ronfang (Rachel). 2004. Survey of Transit/Rail Freight Interaction. Final Report submitted to the New Jersey Department of Transportation. http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/research/reports/FHWA-NJ-2004-002.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).

Desmaris, Christian Desmaris (2013). The reform of passenger rail in Switzerland: more performance without competition. Thredbo 13. 13th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land PassengerTransport, Sep 2013, Oxford, United Kingdom. Retrieved from https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00860911/document.

Furtado, F. M. B. A. (2013, June). US and European freight railways: the differences that matter. In Journal of the Transportation Research Forum (Vol. 52, No. 2).

Sound Transit. 2003. Sound Transit finalizes Sounder commuter rail agreement with BNSF - Seattle-to-Everett service starts December 21. Press release. Retrieved from https://www.soundtransit.org/get-to-know-us/news-events/news-releases/sound-transit-finalizes-sounder-commuter-rail-agreement.

Anacostia Holdings (2018). New York and Atlantic Railway Profile. Retrieved from https://www.anacostia.com/railroads/nya.

European Commission (2011) White Paper on transport — Roadmap to a single European transport area — Towards a competitive and resource-efficient transport system. Rutten BJCM (1995). On medium distance intermodal rail transport: A design method for a road and rail inland terminal network and the Dutch situation of strong inland shipping and road transport modes. Delft University of TechnoloFaculty of mechanical engineering and marine technology. Delft University of Technology. Gomez-Ibañez, J.A.: An overview of the options. In: Gomez-Ibáñez, J.A., de-Rus, G. (eds.) Competition in the Railway Industry: An International Comparative Analysis Edward Elgard, London. 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=VFy5TuUoWOcC Perl, Anthony D., and Andrew R. Goetz. "Corridors, hybrids and networks: three global development strategies for high speed rail." Journal of Transport Geography 42 (2015): 134-144. This paper identifies and explores three strategic models of HSR development: (1) exclusive corridors (e.g., Japan), (2) hybrid networks—both national (e.g., France and Germany) and international (e.g., European Union), and (3) comprehensive national networks (e.g., China and Spain). Evaluations of these models yield outcomes that range from generally positive assessments of the corridor and national hybrid models to more concerns and uncertainties about the international hybrid and comprehensive national network models. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2018. "Freight Facts and Figures 2017 https://www.bts.dot.gov/sites/bts.dot.gov/files/docs/FFF_2017.pdf Posner, Henry III. 2008. Rail Freight in the USA : Lessons for Continental Europe. Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies. http://www.rrdc.com/essay_cer_01_2008_print.pdf Fundamental differences Traffic patterns Competition Capacity constraints Orientation Institutional differences Rail policy: competition vs regulation Rail competition: parallel vs on-rail Infratructure control: operator vs regulator Funding: private vs public Trends Traffic: stable vs declining Focus: common-carrier vs customer-specific Finances: stable vs declining Market share: increasing vs decreasing Ownership: private vs public Suggestions: Customers part of the dialog Wagonload vs intermodal Model US wagonload niche business UK Case Study 1995 - 2005 In fact, the main driver of growth in ton kilometers was the collapse of the UK’s domestic coal industry, as the length of haul for imported coal from ports to power plants is on the average greater than it was from domestic mines to power plants.

Hilmola, Olli-Pekka. 2007. European railway freight transportation and adaptation to demand decline: Efficiency and partial productivity analysis from period of 1980‐2003. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 56 No. 3, pp. 205-225. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410400710731428

Based on DEA results, it is found that those countries that were showing the highest efficiency levels in the 1980s, without exception, experienced an efficiency collapse in the 1990s. These include both former Eastern Bloc and West European countries. Based on partial productivity analysis, it is proposed that productivity of locomotives and railway tracks should be the primary target of productivity improvement in these formerly highly efficient countries. The efficiency analysis shows also that currently the most efficient railway freight transportation is located in the Baltic States, namely Estonia and Latvia. If one does not include data from Estonia and Latvia in the overall analysis, in a European context the only truly improving performance indicators are partial productivities of freight wagons, and staff.

Olli-Pekka Hilmola and Ville Henttu. 2015. Border-crossing constraints, railways and transit transports in Estonia Research in Transportation Business and Management Volume 14, March 2015, Pages 72-79 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210539514000728.

Container transit traffic has an optimistic future outlook in Estonia. However, the main operational constraints are related to gauge widths, border-crossing operations, delivery time issues, low price level of road transport, unpredictable Russian market and legislation and infrastructure investments.

Louis S. Thompson. 2000. Railways In Eastern Europe. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRAILWAYS/Resources/ecmt_final.pdf

The role of the planned economy railways in passenger service was the necessary mirror image of the policies which caused an unusually high role for rail freight. Putting too much of an economy’s resources into the industrial sector meant that far fewer resources than should have went into consumer goods, specifically consumer durables such as automobiles. In addition, the lack of a functioning real estate market meant that population densities in urban areas did not follow the market economy pattern of rising values in relation to proximity to the city center.

Friebel, Guido, Sergei Guriev, Russell Pittman, Elizaveta Shevyakhova, and Anna Tomová (2007). Railroad Restructuring in Russia and Central and Eastern Europe: One Solution for All Problems? Transport Reviews 27 (3). 251–271. Retrieved from http://econ.sciences-po.fr/sites/default/files/file/guriev/TTRV_A_197851_O.pdf

Railways restructuring takes place under very different circumstances and with very different goals in Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, and Russia. There are some improvements in productivity associated with the reforms in the European Union (among others access to infrastructure and vertical separation). But they are not certain to be replicated following similar restructuring in transition economies, especially if one takes account of the much higher shadow price on government subsidies in the latter. The current and proposed reforms in the railways of Central and Eastern Europe and Russia are described in detail; the likely outcomes of reforms in the special economic, regulatory and legal environments of these countries are analysed; and an alternative proposal for restructuring in Russia is presented.

Shepard, Wade. 2018. The Hidden Economic Rationale Of China-Europe Rail. Forbes Magazine, 22 March. https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2018/03/22/the-hidden-economic-rationale-of-china-europe-rail/#3ef6ab7340d1.

The current trans-Eurasian rail product was started by multinational companies in China for purely commercial reasons. This was in the pre-Belt and Road days and these trains were not yet harbingers of Chinese soft power and politics -- Beijing’s “new pandas,” some could say. When companies like HP, Dell and Foxconn began moving production to inland cities in China in the mid-2000s they found themselves in a logistical conundrum: Were they really going to ship their products 1,000s of kilometers east to sea ports just to ship them back west again? Were they going to send everything by costly air freight? Or would they come up with another solution? That other solution soon presented itself: rail. To put it another way, these trains are not designed to ship British soft drinks to China -- regardless of what the press releases claim. It is often critically pointed out that trans-Eurasian rail only carries the smallest fraction of the cargo streaming between China and Europe (1% volume in 2016), however, the trans-Eurasian rail product is not really meant to compete with ocean shipping or air freight, but to complement them. The New Silk Road is designed to shake up our existing paradigms of how we think the world works. We’re seeing economies that were traditionally based on resource extraction transitioning to become transportation hubs, untouchable backwaters becoming regional centers of manufacturing, and previously irrelevant mid-tier cities becoming catalysts for high-tech innovation and consumerism. While I admit that it all sounds a touch whimsical or even romantic, this is exactly what we see being attempted on the ground today -- and those trains rumbling on their 15-day journeys across Eurasia are a big part of the story.

Rail Baltica. 2019. Project of the Century. http://www.railbaltica.org/about-rail-baltica/

The Rail Baltica project is a symbolic return of the Baltic States to Europe – until the Second World War the Baltic States were already connected to Europe with 1435 mm wide. But since the middle of 20th century the Baltic countries have been mainly linked to an East-West railway axis using the Russian gauge 1520 mm rails, reflected in current rail traffic flows. Today most rail freight traffic transported by railway in Baltic states originates from CIS countries, in particular from Russia, and rail transport services are mainly provided on East – West axis using existing 1520 mm gauge system which makes it difficult and costly to interconnect the Baltics with the rest of EU via Poland. Therefore, there is a full consensus on the need to eliminate the Baltic missing rail link of the EU’s North Sea – Baltic TEN-T Core Network Corridor ensuring full integration of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania into the single European railway area.

Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. 2020. "The Geography of Transport Systems, fifth edition." New York: Routledge.

World Rail Freight Traffic, 2015 https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=1936 Large countries imply longer national distances over which rail freight is carried, which results in more ton-km for an equivalent quantity of freight. Countries endowed in natural resources usually involve more rail tonnage. Types and Functions of Rail Freight Corridors https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=2028 Short distance Hinterland access Landbridge Circum-hemispheric Transportation Modes, Modal Competition and Modal Shift https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=1731 Where both segments are maintained the railways give priority to passengers, since rail persists as the dominant mode for inter-city transport in India, China and much of the developing world. In Europe national rail systems have prioritized passenger service as a mean to expand regional mobility. Significant investments have occurred in improving the comfort of trains and in passenger rail stations, but most notable have been the upgrading of track and equipment in order to achieve higher operational speeds. Freight transport has tended to lose out because of the emphasis on passengers since such systems were optimized for passenger flows. Because of their lower operational speeds, freight trains are frequently excluded from day-time slots, when passenger trains are most in demand. Overnight journeys may not meet the needs of freight customers. This incompatibility is a factor in the loss of freight business by most rail systems still trying to operate both freight and passenger operations.

Rodrigue, J. P., and Notteboom, T. (2010). Comparative North American and European gateway logistics: the regionalism of freight distribution. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(4), 497-507. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/42979651/Rodrigue_Notteboom-paper-JTG-draft.pdf.

van Leijen, Marjorie. 2019. Belgium should reduce cost of rail to push modal shift. RailFreight.com. https://www.railfreight.com/policy/2019/02/21/belgium-should-reduce-cost-of-rail-to-push-modal-shift/

CER Press Review - Rail Freight Forward, 28 August 2019. https://docplayer.fr/152630344-Cer-press-review-rail-freight-forward.html.

Rail Freight Forward is a coalition of European rail freight companies that are committed to drastically reduce the negative impact of freight transport on the planet and mobility, through innovation and a more intelligent transport mix. It currently consists of 18 members. National and EU authorities are called upon to provide a transparent and solid regulatory framework to support this growth. The Belgian government should take the example of neighbouring countries such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands (in)...deliberately radically reduced the costs of train paths, the costs that operators pay for using the railways. Secondly, the government must make it easier and cheaper for companies to opt for rail transport...by partially reimbursing the costs of transferring lorries to trains as well as the costs for the first and last mile. “Many companies and hauliers want to put more goods on the railways instead of getting stuck in traffic jams with their lorries. If the government compensates some of these handling costs, they will actually do so”, Pauwels added. Moreover, infrastructure managers should play their part in supporting growth of rail freight volumes, they believe “Infrabel must make driving a train through Belgium as easy as driving a lorry,” said Pauwels. Infrabel must be given the task, the mandate and the resources to roll out and manage a high-quality rail network according to customers’ needs and mobility, the memorandum reads. ...rail freight operators (should) continue to focus on innovative solutions that can be competitive with road transport in terms of frequency, reliability, flexibility, price and service. The focus should be on user-friendliness for the customer, the further adoption of new technologies and the further modernisation of the sector... CER - Analogous to Association of American Railroads in the USA? http://www.cer.be/ CER’s role is to represent the interests of its members on the EU policy-making scene, in particular to support an improved business and regulatory environment for European railway operators and railway infrastructure companies. Back in 1988, 14 railway companies felt the need to establish a stronger link with the European institutions in the light of increasingly significant political developments in transport. As a result, CER was founded as an independent group of the International Union of Railways (UIC) with its own offices in Brussels. CER, representing the vast majority of EU rail business, has always been at the forefront in helping shape rail regulation. CER became an independent body in 1996, and the membership grew quickly attracting railway undertakings, their national associations, infrastructure companies and vehicle leasing companies. CER represents more than 70 members and partners. 71 % of the European rail network length 76 % of the European rail freight business 92 % of rail passenger operations in Europe http://www.cer.be/railway-organisations UIRR - International Union For Road-Rail Combined Transport http://www.uirr.com/ ERTMS - The European Rail Traffic Management System http://www.ertms.net/ ERTMS aims at replacing the different national train control and command systems in Europe. The deployment of ERTMS will enable the creation of a seamless European railway system and increase European railway's competitiveness. ERTMS has two basic components * ETCS, the European Train Control System, is an automatic train protection system (ATP) to replace the existing national ATP-systems; * GSM-R, a radio system for providing voice and data communication between the track and the train, based on standard GSM using frequencies specifically reserved for rail application with certain specific and advanced functions. For more information on GSM-R, please click here. DB Netze. 2019. "Rail Freight Corridors." https://fahrweg.dbnetze.com/fahrweg-en/customers/international/europ_corridors/europ_corridors_allg-1418368 Regulation (EU) 913/2010 establishes nine Rail Freight Corridors (RFCs) along European transport axes, with the purpose of increasing competiveness and quality of international rail freight transport. Rhine-Alpine: cooridor-rhine-alpine.eu Scandanavian-Mediterranean: scanmedfreight.eu Atlantic: corridor4.eu Orient/East - Med: rfc7.eu North Sea - Baltic: rfc8.eu Customer Dialog Development of corridor products Railway Undertaking Advisiory Group (RAG) Terminal Advisory Group (TAG) Harmonization The European Union. 2010. REGULATION (EU) No 913/2010 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 September 2010 concerning a European rail network for competitive freight. Official Journal of the European Union. Accessed 5 January 2020. https://fahrweg.dbnetze.com/resource/blob/1592808/f92f4c544825c65df36bce21f95dcd35/vo_913_2010_eng-data.pdf. research/2010-eu-regulation-913-2010.pdf The management of freight corridors should also include procedures for the allocation of the infrastructure capacity for international freight trains running on such corridors. Those procedures should recognise the need for capacity of other types of transport, including passenger transport. The management board shall carry out and periodically update a transport market study relating to the observed and expected changes in the traffic on the freight corridor, as a consequence of its being established, covering the different types of traffic, both regarding the transport of freight and the transport of passengers. This study shall also review, where necessary, the socio-economic costs and benefits stemming from the establishment of the freight corridor. On the basis of the evaluation specified in paragraph 2 of this Article, infrastructure managers of the freight corridor shall jointly define and organise international pre-arranged train paths for freight trains following the procedure referred to in Article 15 of Directive 2001/14/EC recognising the need for capacity of other types of transport, including passenger transport. Infrastructure managers shall, if justified by market need and the evaluation as referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, jointly define the reserve capacity for international freight trains running on the freight corridors recognising the need for capacity of other types of transport, including passenger transport and keep this reserve available within their final working timetables to allow for a quick and appropriate response to ad hoc requests for capacity as referred to in Article 23 of Directive 2001/14/EC. Knieps, Günter (2002) : Does the system of letter conveyance constitute abottleneck resource?, Diskussionsbeitrag, No. 88, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institutfür Verkehrswissenschaft und Regionalpolitik, Freiburg i. Br. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/47616/1/361183909.pdf. Distinction between physical and economic "bottlenecks" It isnecessary to differentiate between those areas in which active and potential competition can work and other areas, so-called monopolistic bottleneck areas,where a natural monopoly situation (due to economies of bundling) in combina-tion with irreversible costs exists. It can be demonstrated that the regulation ofnetwork-specific market power is only justified in monopolistic bottleneckareas. In all other cases, the existence of active and potential competition willlead to efficient market results as in the other sectors of an economy. The pres-sure of potential competition can be sufficient to discipline the behavior of theactive supplier, even if he is the owner of a natural monopoly. Such networksare called “contestable” (e.g. Baumol, Panzar, Willig, 1982). Bärmann A. (2016) Strategic Infrastructure Planning in Railway Networks. In: Solving Network Design Problems via Decomposition, Aggregation and Approximation. Springer Spektrum, Wiesbaden This chapter presents the most important concepts in railway infrastructure planning as they are referred to throughout the thesis. After the introduction of some basic terminology, we explain the necessary knowledge in railway infrastructure development. For most of the technical descriptions, we lean on the work of Hörl (1998). Hansjörg Drewello ▪StefanGütle3rdProject Report of Action 9 The need forinvestment on the ‘Rheintalbahn’ in the Upper Rhine Valley –Results of a railway capacity analysis nearthe town of Lahr – http://archiv.hs-kehl.de/DE/Hochschule/Forschung/Forschung_aktuell/code24/Documents/Drewello_Guetle_3rd%20project%20report%20action9.pdf 2013-drewillo-upper-rhine-capacity-analysis.pdf The upgrading and partial new building of the line is intended to increase its capacity very considerably and to shorten travel and transport times. Once all this work has been completed, there will be four tracks throughout, making it possible to improve the structuring oftrain movements.The slower freight and local passenger trains are to use the two traditionaltracks, whereas the two new tracks, which permit top speeds, are to be used by long-distance passenger trains during the day and freight trains at night. As a general rule, local passenger trains and freight trains are able to run at theirmaximum permitted speed on most lines.By contrast tothat, long-distance passenger trains have to date not been able to exploit their maximum permitted speed on most railway lines. In Germany, it is only on the new line between Frankfurt and Köln that trains can run up to the maximum speed of 300km/h.Most of the other lines carrying long-distance passenger trains have design speedsof either 250 km/h or160 km/h Luethi, Marco, Ulrich Weidmann, Felix Laube, and Giorgio Medeossi. 2007. "Rescheduling and train control: A new framework for railroad traffic control in heavily used networks." In 86th transportation research board annual meeting. http://www.academia.edu/download/30922957/eth-30834-01.pdf 2007-luthi-heavily-used-networks.pdf Lüthi, Marco, Ulrich Weidmann, Felix Laube, and Giorgio Medeossi. "Rescheduling and Train Control: A New Framework for Railroad Traffic Control in Heavily Used Networks: a new framework for railroad traffic control in heavily used networks." In 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Reserach Board. Institute for Transport Planning and Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 2007. 2007-luthi-rescheduling-heavily-used networks.pdf There are many ways of increasing capacity and reducing delays on a railway network, most can be classified as either building new infrastructure, improving rolling stock performance or improved operating strategies. Upgrading the track network and other investments are expensive and complicated projects. (5) Much attention has recently been focused on improving operating strategies which focus on using the existing system more efficiently since they are often less expensive than new infrastructure. A good example is using the new European Train Control System (ETCS) to saturate the network using ultra-short block sections, which leads to shorter headways. (6) Stalder O., F. Laube and T. Graffagnino. “Increasing performance of the rail network in the heart of Europe: A program for the Swiss Federal Railways”, International symposium on speed-up and service technology for railways and maglev systems, Tokyo, The Japan society of mechanical engineers, 2003 Maes, Jochen, and Thierry Vanelslander. "10. The use of rail transport as part of the supply chain in an urban logistics context." City Distribution and Urban Freight Transport: Multiple Perspectives (2011): 217. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DpYwMe9fBEkC COLLABORATION Liberalization had a major impact on the former state-owned monopolistic rail companies and logistics actors using them. New market possibilities arose, but more actors now need to COLLABORATE. This chapter explores new logistics concepts involving rail transport in Western Europe now in the trial or investigation phase. Batisse, Francois. "The future of freight questioned by several European railways." Japan Railway & Transport Review 26 (2001): 18-27. http://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr26/pdf/f18_bat.pdf whilethe overall volume of all freight modesthroughout the world doubles every 20to 30 years, rail freight has dropped by25% in the last 25 years in the West andby as much as 50% in Eastern Europe. This is due to structural changes involving less and less heavy goods and a greater variety of smaller added-value items, favouring transport by other modes, especially road transport. Accordingly, inWestern Europe, rail’s share of the freightmarket has dwindled by almost 1% eachyear to just 14% compared to 30% twoor three decades ago. This trend contrastssharply with the good growth in rail freightin the USA during the same period wherevolume has increased by more than halfwith a market share of around 40%. Borndörfer, Ralf, Torsten Klug, Thomas Schlechte, Armin Fügenschuh, Thilo Schang, and Hanno Schülldorf. "The freight train routing problem for congested railway networks with mixed traffic." Transportation Science 50, no. 2 (2016): 408-423. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/trsc.2015.0656 One of many modeling / engineering papers We consider the following freight train routing problem (FTRP). Given is a transportation network with fixed routes for passenger trains and a set of freight trains (requests), each defined by an origin and destination station pair. The objective is to calculate a feasible route for each freight train such that the sum of all expected delays and all running times is minimal. Previous research concentrated on microscopic train routings for junctions or inside major stations. Only recently approaches were developed to tackle larger corridors or even networks. We investigate the routing problem from a strategic perspective, calculating the routes in a macroscopic transportation network of Deutsche Bahn AG. In this context, macroscopic refers to an aggregation of complex and large real-world structures into fewer network elements. Moreover, the departure and arrival times of freight trains are approximated. The problem has a strategic character since it asks only for a coarse routing through the network without the precise timings. We provide a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation for the FTRP, which is a multicommodity flow model on a time-expanded graph with additional routing constraints. The model’s nonlinearities originate from an algebraic approximation of the delays of the trains on the arcs of the network by capacity restraint functions. The MINLP is reduced to a mixed-integer linear model (MILP) by piecewise linear approximation. The latter is solved by a state-of-the art MILP solver for various real-world test instances. US Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2017. DOT Releases 30-Year Freight Projections. https://www.bts.gov/newsroom/dot-releases-30-year-freight-projections Everything goes up Rail Freight Forward. 2019. 30 by 2030: Rail Freight strategy to boost modal shift. https://www.railfreightforward.eu/sites/default/files/usercontent/white_paper-30by2030-150dpi6.pdf European Commission. (2011). Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system. EC White Paper, Brussels, 28.3.2011. Retrieved 9 January 2020 from https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/strategies/2011_white_paper_en. 30% of road freight over 300 km should shift to other modes such as rail or waterborne transport by 2030, and more than 50% by 2050, facilitated by efficient, green freight corridors. By 2050, a European high-speed rail network should be completed. Triple the length of the existing high-speed rail network by 2030 and maintain a dense railway network in all Member States. By 2050, the majority of medium-distance passenger transport should go by rail European Commission (2006), Keep Europe moving —Sustainable mobility for our continent mid-term review of the European Commission's 2001 Transport White Paper, COM (2006) 314 final. IEA (International Energy Agency) (2018), Mobility Model, www.iea.org/etp/etpmodel/transport/. https://www.iea.org/areas-of-work/programmes-and-partnerships/mobility-model https://www.iea.org/areas-of-work/programmes-and-partnerships/mobility-model World Energy Outlook 2019 https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 https://www.tmleuven.be/en/navigation/TREMOVE TREMOVE is a policy assessment model to study the effects of different transport and environment policies on the emissions of the transport sector. The model estimates the transport demand, modal shifts, vehicle stock renewal and scrappage decisions as well as the emissions of air pollutants and the welfare level, for policies as road pricing, public transport pricing, emission standards, subsidies for cleaner cars etc. The model covers passenger and freight transport in 31 countries and covers the period 1995-2030. Ursavas, Evrim, and Stuart X. Zhu. "Integrated Passenger and Freight Train Planning on Shared-Use Corridors." Transportation Science 52, no. 6 (2017): 1376-1390. We will analyze the consolidation strategy for shared-use corridors, where the track serves passenger and freight trains. We will pinpoint the different characteristics of passenger and freight trains, and analytically derive the optimum track allocation and consolidation time, together with the optimum price, in all such cases, using two different model structures, i.e., the additive and the multiplicative forms. We will extend our model further to consider the due-date requirements and volume incentives for railway operators. Our experiments will use realistic parameter values, based on the Dutch railway system. Francisco Manuel Bastos Andrade Furtado U.S. and European Freight Railways: The Differences That Matter http://journals.library.oregonstate.edu/index.php/trforum/article/view/4174 A key concern for European freight railways should be the reduction of operational costs, by increasing the trains’ sizes.Distinct policy answers were given to the railroads’ crisis in the post WWII years. Soon after 1980 when reforms were introduced in the U.S. there was a revival of the sector. The same has not happened in Europe, where questions regarding infrastructure financing or the coordination of network investments and operational needs remain. Scherp, J. (2005). Railway (De-)regulation in EU Member States and the Future of European Rail, CESifo DICE Report, ISSN 1613-6373, ifo Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München, München, Vol. 03, Iss. 4, pp. 26-33 https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/166860/1/ifo-dice-report-v03-y2005-i4-p26-33.pdf 2005-scherp-railway-deregulation.pdf A. Deloukas, E. Apostolopoulou. 2003. INNOVATIVE FINANCING TECHNIQUES: EUROPEAN URBAN RAIL PROJECTS AND THE CASE OF ATHENS METRO EXTENSIONS. Association for European Transport https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alex_Deloukas/publication/265038301_INNOVATIVE_FINANCING_TECHNIQUES_EUROPEAN_URBAN_RAIL_PROJECTS_AND_THE_CASE_OF_ATHENS_METRO_EXTENSIONS/links/5745bb3b08aea45ee855f881/INNOVATIVE-FINANCING-TECHNIQUES-EUROPEAN-URBAN-RAIL-PROJECTS-AND-THE-CASE-OF-ATHENS-METRO-EXTENSIONS.pdf A financial responsibility of the private sector in the project implementation results in efficiency gains, for instance, reduced cost and schedule overruns. The aim of the present paper is to discern the particularities of urban rail projects from the perspective of a public-private collaboration, as well as the risk factors involved. The revival of project financing is more evident in road projects. There is less experience with public-private collaboration in the urban rail sector, especially outside U.K. A further goal of the paper is to examine the reasons for this unbalanced development and to assess the potential for the realization of co-financed urban rail projects. The findings, and especially the arising risk allocation strategies, are instrumental in the context of new collaborative urban rail projects Diziain, Diana, Eiichi Taniguchi, and Laetitia Dablanc. "Urban logistics by rail and waterways in France and Japan." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 125 (2014): 159-170. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281401502X This article aims toidentify some commonalities and differences in intermodal freight in France and Japan, focusing on urban zones. This comparison puts into perspective two spatial situations linkedwith land pressure. It helps us identify opportunities for knowledge transfer of best practices for the promotion of modal shift and for land use and planning policies that favor intermodal freight. Research works have been carried out on intermodal logistic policies at national scales. However, in urban areas, the use of intermodal services has specific characteristics. Intermodal services are difficult to implement for last mile deliveries, as waterways and railways are used for high volume flows. Nevertheless, during the last decade, an increasing number of projects including intermodal services for the “mile before last” have been set up. In France, trucking is dominant. Rail used to play a significant role but does not anymore. Waterways play a very minor, but stable, role. In France, freight transport by rail has dramatically declined, remaining strong only for some products such as chemicals and raw materials. Intermodal traffic (containers) is not much developed. Many freight stations for single car traffic have been closed. In the South-West of France near Bordeaux, another short distance rail operation is proving rather successful. The national road (RN) 215 is very congested. As it is the main access to the container terminal of Le Verdon, a rail shuttle has been implemented, over a 80 km distance, benefitting from subsidies from several public authorities, especially the Aquitaine Region which awarded more than 600,000 euros. As the railway infrastructure already exists, very few improvements are necessary. The subsidies are being used for the operation of the line. They also contributed to buying the rolling stock. Dablanc, Laetitia, Genevieve Giuliano, Kevin Holliday, and Thomas O'Brien. "Best practices in urban freight management: Lessons from an international survey." Transportation Research Record 2379, no. 1 (2013): 29-38. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2379-04 2013-dablanc-urban-freight-management-survey.pdf "freight-passenger conflicts" There is an extensive literature in logistics, with studies on truck routing, network optimization, and related topics (4–6). This literature is not “urban” in the sense of considering the urban context (freight–passenger conflicts, externalities, etc.) but instead addresses routing and alloca-tion problems that are common in the urban environment. Efficient rail and intermodal facilities are critical to international trade. High-volume rail corridors conflict with surface road traffic at at-grade rail crossings, as well as with passenger commuter rail traffic. The main strategy to address these problems in trade node cities is capital investment to increase rail capacity and eliminate at-grade rail crossings. The major challenge to capital investment strategies is the lack of an obvious funding source. Railroads have little incentive to incur costs to solve a problem for road transport and are therefore typi-cally unwilling to pay. Local jurisdictions have no authority to force railroads to incur these costs. The local jurisdictions also have little incentive to pay because rail traffic is viewed as a national respon-sibility. At the national level there is no specific funding source for Behiri, Walid, Sana Belmokhtar-Berraf, and Chengbin Chu. "Urban freight transport using passenger rail network: Scientific issues and quantitative analysis." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 115 (2018): 227-245. Use of light rail and subways for freight - not particularly relevant. This paper addresses a real-life problem arising in the ongoing “Grand Paris” project. We investigate an environment-friendly urban freight transportation alternative using passenger rail network, by providing a decision support tool for decision makers to assess the technical feasibility, the impact on services to passengers, the needs in infrastructure and hence in investment. Chrząstek, Wojciech. "Economical aspects of reorganization of rail transport in Poland." Współczesne Problemy Ekonomiczne. Globalizacja. Liberalizacja. Etyka. 14, no. 1 (2017): 123-130. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=558911 2017-chrzastek-poland-rail-reorganization.pdf Frost, Matthew W., Stephen G. Ison, and Robert Watson. "UK rail transport: a review of demand and supply." (2012). Citation:FROST,M.W.,ISON,S.G.andWATSON,R.,2012.UKrailtrans-p ort:areviewofdemandandsupply.Pro ceedingsoftheICE-Transp ort,165(3),pp.225-234 Over recent years the UK railway industry has seen unprecedented growth in the number of passengers and the amount of freight carried. Expansion in network capacity, however, has not kept pace with this growth. This has led to significant overcrowding and little or no capacity left to run more trains within existing stock or track provision. The UK government however has stated that as part of achieving ‘best value' it wants to further increase rail traffic, and has recently set out a strategy to optimise this. This paper reviews the issues associated with the growth in passengers, the demand placed on the network and the policy developed to accommodate and manage it. It identifies the capacity constraints and options identified for capacity enhancement. The paper concludes that while privatisation has made coherent decision-making difficult there is significant experience to be gained in the development of policy and route utilisation strategies. There is little doubt that road congestion has now reached levels where UK road journey times are increasing to the extent thatsome travellers (and freight operators) are moving from road to rail purely as a result of the changes in relative journey time(Goodwin, 2004). Gašparík, Jozef, and Václav Cempírek. "Railway Infrastructure Capacity in the Open Access Condition: Case Studies on SŽDC and ŽSR Networks." In Railway Transport-Current and Future Trends. IntechOpen, 2019. https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/railway-infrastructure-capacity-in-the-open-access-condition-case-studies-on-s-dc-and-sr-networks Jaržemskis, Andrius, and Vytautas Jaržemskis. "The Differences in Efficiency Measurment: the Case of European Railways." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 15, no. 2 (2014): 151-163. 2014-jarzemskis-lithuania.pdf In the world railways are organized in two ways. In one case, infrastructure management and organization of traffic and commercial activities are integrated at the level of one of the enterprise whereas in the other case the functions of the carrier and the manager of the infrastructure are separated. This article addresses approaches of different scientists and politicians on both forms. The analysis of the case of Lithuania has been carried out. The case of Lithuania is a typical one – historically the railways have had a monopoly with the infrastructure and transportation not separated. This article presents a critical view of theoretical pros and cons of both the models. Bing, Alan. 1989. Railroad Encroachment Study. Final Report to Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, April. Detailed study of risks from freight train accidents on corridors shared with rail rapid transit. Gross, Yehuda and Mortensen, Steve. 2007. "US DOT Summary of the Shared Use Feasibility Study Report." APTA Rail Conference, June. Phraner, David. 2000. Light Rail Sharing Track with Other Rail Modes: How Far Have We Come at the Millennium? The 8th Joint Conference on Light Rail Transit, Dallas, Texas. Phraner, D. 2000. German Shared Track Experience Independent Supplemental Technical Study Tour Findings. Final Report for TCRP Project J-06, Task 34. Siefer, Thomas. "Integrating High-Speed Lines into the Existing Railway Network." Rail International, June/July 2001, 204. Google "metra purchase of service agreements"

Liu, Rongfang Rachel. 2015. Light Rail Transit, Shared Infrastructural Issues. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_295-3 (accessed 15 December 2015).

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